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“Wazir Khan Mosque in Reflection,” a painting by Samina Quraeshi–Courtesy of Samina Quraeshi

ORIGINS

The lovers Pururavas and Urvashi, Gupta style, 5th century–National Museum, New Delhi, India/ Borromeo; courtesy of Art Resource, NY; “Procession at the End of Ramadan,” a 13th-century miniature of the Maqamat (The Meetings) by al-Hariri–Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris / Universal History Archive/UIG; courtesy of The Bridgeman Art Library; A Turkish stamp of The Book of Dede Korkut–General Directorate of PTT, Republic of Turkey; A contemporary Iranian album cover of gosan music– Barbad Music; A leaf from the opening pages of a 14th-century Qur’an in Naskh script–Courtesy of the Library of Congress; Leaves from Sibawayh’s grammar of the Arabic language, known as Al-Kitab (The Book on Grammar)–Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris

TRADITIONS

Epic and Romance
A Turkish horseman drawing his bow, 15th-century Ottoman miniature–Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/ Bridgeman-Giraudon; courtesy of Art Resource, NY; Derek and the Dominoes’ Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs album cover, 1970–Courtesy of Universal Music Group; An illuminated miniature of Mir Hasan’s Urdu romance The Magic of Eloquence, ca. 1785–Courtesy of Cambridge University Library; Ms Or 2255, f.64

The Qasida
A 15th-century portrait of Sultan Mehmed II, the Conqueror (1432-1481)–Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey / Werner Forman; courtesy of Art Resource, NY; Al-Mutanabbi Street in Baghdad, 2011 –Photo by Thaier Al- Sudani; courtesy of Reuters; The Iraqi maqam ensemble Angham al-Rafidain, 2010–Photo by Ali Al-Saadi; courtesy of AFP/Getty Images; Umm Kulthum–Courtesy of AFP/Getty Images; Calligraphy of Imam al-Busiri’s Qasida al-Burda (The Mantle Ode), 15th-century–Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Sufi Verses and Hymns
Woman with a Spray of Flowers, opaque watercolor and gold on paper, Isfahan, Iran, ca. 1595–Courtesy of the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Purchase – Smithsonian Unrestricted Trust Funds, Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program and Dr. Arthur M. Sackler, S1986.297; A Turkish stamp depicting Yunus Emre–General Directorate of PTT, Republic of Turkey; A leaf with verses from The Wine Ode by ‘Umar Ibn al-Farid–Courtesy of the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester: The C. Herbert Ocumpaugh Collection; A contemporary illustration by Peter Sis inspired by Farid ud-Din ‘Attar’s The Conference of the Birds–Courtesy of Peter Sis and Penguin Press; Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan–Photo by Tim Hall; courtesy of Redferns /Getty Images; Whirling Dervishes dance in Konya, Turkey, 2003–Photo by Kerim Okten; courtesy of EPA/Corbis

The Ghazal
A 16th-century portrait of Sultan Süleyman I, the Magnificent (1494-1566)–Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey; courtesy of The Bridgeman Art Library; The 2009 Aalami Musha’ira –Photo by Kevin Bubriski/ARAMCO; Poet Simin Behbahani (1927- , Iran)–Photo by Sima Chakmian; courtesy of Reza Moini; The frontispiece from a 19th-century Urdu edition of Ghalib’s poetry–Courtesy of Harvard University Press

Contemporary Folk Traditions
Women winnowing barley in a Yemeni village–Photo by Christophe Boisvieux; courtesy of Getty Images; A Pakistani-American bride with traditional mehndi, Queens, NY, 1990–Photo by Martha Cooper; courtesy of City Lore; An ashik performing with a saz lute–Courtesy of The Yildiray Erdener Turkish Minstrel (Ashik) Collection; A painted truck with its owner–Courtesy of Jamal J. Elias

DIALOGUE AND INNOVATIONS

Dialogue Between East and West
Federico García Lorca in Granada, 1919, aged 21–Photo by Rogelio Robles; courtesy of Fundacíon Federico García Lorca, Madrid; Edmund Dulac’s illustration from the 1909 edition of FitzGerald’s The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám–An Edmund Dulac Treasury: 116 Color Illustrations by Edmund Dulac. Selected and Edited by Jeff A. Menges. Dover Publications, 2011.; An 1819 edition of Goethe’s West-östlicher Divan (The Parliament of East and West)–Courtesy of H.P. Haack, Leipzig; Dress rehearsal for the Arena Stage production of The Arabian Nights, Washington DC, 2011–Washington Post; courtesy of Getty Images

20th Century Poetry
Nima Yushij (1896-1960, Iran)–Photo by Hadi Shafaieh; courtesy of Nima Shafaieh; Adonis with Octavio Paz in Beirut, 1964–Courtesy of Adonis; Mixed media on paper, 2011 by Adonis– © A.M. Qattan Foundation, Courtesy of Adonis; Forugh Farrokhzad (1935-1967, Iran)–Photographer unknown; A drawing of Orhan Veli Kanik by Zahir Güvemli, 1971–© Zahir Güvemli; Contemporary calligraphy by Mohammed Saït Saggar of al-Sayyab’s poetry–© Mohammed Saït Saggar

ENGAGEMENT

Poetry and Politics
Nazim Hikmet (1902-1963, Turkey)– OZKOK/SIPA/Newscom; Mahmoud Darwish–Photo by Gil Cohen Magen; courtesy of Associated Press; Kishwar Naheed–Photographer unknown; The Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz with Sajjad Zaheer–Courtesy of the Faiz Centenary National Organising Committee, UK and the Faiz Foundation, Pakistan; The Iranian writer Ahmad Shamlu in the 1960s–Photo by Hadi Shafaieh; courtesy of Nima Shafaieh; A pre-Revolution poster advocating freedom of speech–Artist unknown; image courtesy of Shervin Shahbazi; The Tunisian rapper El Général–Photographer unknown ; Tahrir Square, Cairo, February 2011–Photo by Jonathan Rashad

MIGRATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS

American Voices
Amiri Baraka (1934- )–Photo by Tibor Bozi; courtesy of Corbis; Sholeh Wolpé (1962- )–Photo by Hasan Sarbakshian; Agha Shahid Ali, 1985 (1949-2001) –Photo by LaVerne Harrell Clark; courtesy of The University of Arizona Poetry Center; Kazim Ali (1971- )–Photo by Brett Hall Jones; courtesy of Wesleyan University Press; Bushra Rehman (1974- )–Photo by Jaishri Abichandani; 2011 edition of The Prophet–Courtesy of Alfred A. Knopf ; Ethiopian Bilal, from a 16th-century Ottoman edition of the Turkish Siyer-i Nebi (The Life of the Prophet)–Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey / Bildarchiv Steffens; courtesy of The Bridgeman Art Library; The American blues musician John Jackson–Photo by Douglas Bell; courtesy of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings

Global Voices
Jali Kulako, Sierra Leone, 2009–Photo by Kewulay Kamara; Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac, known as “Gaarriye” (1949-2012, Somalia);Photo by Crispin Hughes; courtesy of The Poetry Translation Centre, London. ; Tigrinya poet Reesom Haile, 2001–Photo by Martha Cooper; courtesy of City Lore; Algerian singer Marguerite Taos Amrouche–Photo by Sophie Bassouls; courtesy of Corbis/Sygma; Shamsur Rahman–Photo by Pavel Rahman; courtesy of Associated Press; Jogja Hip-Hop Foundation–Photo by Suzanna Finley; courtesy of Asia Society; Academy of Maqom–Photo by Sebastian Schutyser; courtesy of the Aga Khan Music Initiative; Epic chanter Rysbek Jumabaev–Photo by Gary Otte; courtesy of the Aga Khan Music Initiative; The Afghani ghazal singer Ustad Mahwash in Paris, 2002–Photo by Mohammad Bashir; courtesy of AFP/Newscom; Nasser al-Ajami from on Million’s Poet, 2010–Photo by Marwan Naamani; courtesy of AFP/Getty Images